CA Proficiency 1

Study Toolkit

Choose a subject to begin studying

⚖️

Law

Company law, contract, tort, and industry legislation

🧾

Taxation

Income tax, corporation tax, VAT, CGT and more

📊

Finance

Financial management, investment appraisal, and risk

📒

Financial Accounting

Preparation of financial statements and standards

Income Tax Rates 2025

Single/Widowed/SCP with Qualifying Children	Rate	Single/Widowed/SCP without Qualifying Children	Rate	Married Couple/Civil Partners	Rate
First €48,000	20%	First €44,000	20%	First €53,000/€88,000¹	20%
Balance	40%	Balance	40%	Balance	40%

¹ Depending on personal circumstances of married couple/civil partners.

Non-refundable Tax Credits 2025

Tax Credit	€
Single person	2,000
Married couple/civil partners	4,000
Employee tax credit	2,000
Earned Income Tax Credit	2,000
Age tax credit – single/widowed/SCP	245
Age tax credit – married/civil partners	490
Incapacitated child tax credit	3,800
Home carer's credit	1,950
Rent Tax Credit – Single person (max)	1,000
Rent Tax Credit – Married/civil partners (max)	2,000

Universal Social Charge 2025

Rate	Annual Income
0.5%	First €12,012
2.0%	€12,013–€27,382
3.0%	€27,383–€70,044
8.0%	Balance

Corporation Tax Rates

Trading rate	12.5%
Passive rate	25%

Capital Gains Tax

CGT rate (disposals on or after 6 December 2012)	33%
Annual exempt amount (2025)	€1,270

VAT Rates

Rate	Examples
Exempt	Medical, dental, insurance, education, transport of passengers
Zero rate	Most foodstuffs, children's clothing/footwear, books, exported goods
Standard rate (23%)	Alcohol, adult clothing, office equipment, consultancy/solicitor services
Reduced rate (13.5%)	Fuel, electricity & gas, hairdressing, hot food, hotel accommodation

Pension Contributions — Age-based Relief Limits

Age	% of Net Relevant Earnings
Under 30	15%
30–39	20%
40–49	25%
50–54	30%
55–59	35%
60+	40%

Earnings cap 2025: €115,000

Capital Allowances

Plant and machinery	12.5% straight-line
Industrial buildings	4% straight-line

CGT Indexation Factors (selected)

Year	Multiplier	Year	Multiplier
1974/75	7.528	1990/91	1.442
1980/81	3.240	1995/96	1.277
1985/86	1.713	2000/01	1.144
1986/87	1.637	2001	1.087
1987/88	1.583	2002	1.049
1988/89	1.553	2003+	1.000

Present Value Tables

Present value of 1, i.e. (1 + r)^-n

(n)	1%	2%	3%	4%	5%	6%	7%	8%	9%	10%
1	0.990	0.980	0.971	0.962	0.952	0.943	0.935	0.926	0.917	0.909
2	0.980	0.961	0.943	0.925	0.907	0.890	0.873	0.857	0.842	0.826
3	0.971	0.942	0.915	0.889	0.864	0.840	0.816	0.794	0.772	0.751
4	0.961	0.924	0.888	0.855	0.823	0.792	0.763	0.735	0.708	0.683
5	0.951	0.906	0.863	0.822	0.784	0.747	0.713	0.681	0.650	0.621
6	0.942	0.888	0.837	0.790	0.746	0.705	0.666	0.630	0.596	0.564
7	0.933	0.871	0.813	0.760	0.711	0.665	0.623	0.583	0.547	0.513
8	0.923	0.853	0.789	0.731	0.677	0.627	0.582	0.540	0.502	0.467
9	0.914	0.837	0.766	0.703	0.645	0.592	0.544	0.500	0.460	0.424
10	0.905	0.820	0.744	0.676	0.614	0.558	0.508	0.463	0.422	0.386
11	0.896	0.804	0.722	0.650	0.585	0.527	0.475	0.429	0.388	0.350
12	0.887	0.788	0.701	0.625	0.557	0.497	0.444	0.397	0.356	0.319
13	0.879	0.773	0.681	0.601	0.530	0.469	0.415	0.368	0.326	0.290
14	0.870	0.758	0.661	0.577	0.505	0.442	0.388	0.340	0.299	0.263
15	0.861	0.743	0.642	0.555	0.481	0.417	0.362	0.315	0.275	0.239

11%–20%

(n)	11%	12%	13%	14%	15%	16%	17%	18%	19%	20%
1	0.901	0.893	0.885	0.877	0.870	0.862	0.855	0.847	0.840	0.833
2	0.812	0.797	0.783	0.769	0.756	0.743	0.731	0.718	0.706	0.694
3	0.731	0.712	0.693	0.675	0.658	0.641	0.624	0.609	0.593	0.579
4	0.659	0.636	0.613	0.592	0.572	0.552	0.534	0.516	0.499	0.482
5	0.593	0.567	0.543	0.519	0.497	0.476	0.456	0.437	0.419	0.402
6	0.535	0.507	0.480	0.456	0.432	0.410	0.390	0.370	0.352	0.335
7	0.482	0.452	0.425	0.400	0.376	0.354	0.333	0.314	0.296	0.279
8	0.434	0.404	0.376	0.351	0.327	0.305	0.285	0.266	0.249	0.233
9	0.391	0.361	0.333	0.308	0.284	0.263	0.243	0.225	0.209	0.194
10	0.352	0.322	0.295	0.270	0.247	0.227	0.208	0.191	0.176	0.162
11	0.317	0.287	0.261	0.237	0.215	0.195	0.178	0.162	0.148	0.135
12	0.286	0.257	0.231	0.208	0.187	0.168	0.152	0.137	0.124	0.112
13	0.258	0.229	0.204	0.182	0.163	0.145	0.130	0.116	0.104	0.093
14	0.232	0.205	0.181	0.160	0.141	0.125	0.111	0.099	0.088	0.078
15	0.209	0.183	0.160	0.140	0.123	0.108	0.095	0.084	0.074	0.065

Annuity Tables

Present value of an annuity of 1, i.e. [1 - (1 + r)^-n] / r

(n)	1%	2%	3%	4%	5%	6%	7%	8%	9%	10%
1	0.990	0.980	0.971	0.962	0.952	0.943	0.935	0.926	0.917	0.909
2	1.970	1.942	1.913	1.886	1.859	1.833	1.808	1.783	1.759	1.736
3	2.941	2.884	2.829	2.775	2.723	2.673	2.624	2.577	2.531	2.487
4	3.902	3.808	3.717	3.630	3.546	3.465	3.387	3.312	3.240	3.170
5	4.853	4.713	4.580	4.452	4.329	4.212	4.100	3.993	3.890	3.791
6	5.795	5.601	5.417	5.242	5.076	4.917	4.767	4.623	4.486	4.355
7	6.728	6.472	6.230	6.002	5.786	5.582	5.389	5.206	5.033	4.868
8	7.652	7.325	7.020	6.733	6.463	6.210	5.971	5.747	5.535	5.335
9	8.566	8.162	7.786	7.435	7.108	6.802	6.515	6.247	5.995	5.759
10	9.471	8.983	8.530	8.111	7.722	7.360	7.024	6.710	6.418	6.145
11	10.37	9.787	9.253	8.760	8.306	7.887	7.499	7.139	6.805	6.495
12	11.26	10.58	9.954	9.385	8.863	8.384	7.943	7.536	7.161	6.814
13	12.13	11.35	10.63	9.986	9.394	8.853	8.358	7.904	7.487	7.103
14	13.00	12.11	11.30	10.56	9.899	9.295	8.745	8.244	7.786	7.367
15	13.87	12.85	11.94	11.12	10.38	9.712	9.108	8.559	8.061	7.606

11%–20%

(n)	11%	12%	13%	14%	15%	16%	17%	18%	19%	20%
1	0.901	0.893	0.885	0.877	0.870	0.862	0.855	0.847	0.840	0.833
2	1.713	1.690	1.668	1.647	1.626	1.605	1.585	1.566	1.547	1.528
3	2.444	2.402	2.361	2.322	2.283	2.246	2.210	2.174	2.140	2.106
4	3.102	3.037	2.974	2.914	2.855	2.798	2.743	2.690	2.639	2.589
5	3.696	3.605	3.517	3.433	3.352	3.274	3.199	3.127	3.058	2.991
6	4.231	4.111	3.998	3.889	3.784	3.685	3.589	3.498	3.410	3.326
7	4.712	4.564	4.423	4.288	4.160	4.039	3.922	3.812	3.706	3.605
8	5.146	4.968	4.799	4.639	4.487	4.344	4.207	4.078	3.954	3.837
9	5.537	5.328	5.132	4.946	4.772	4.607	4.451	4.303	4.163	4.031
10	5.889	5.650	5.426	5.216	5.019	4.833	4.659	4.494	4.339	4.192
11	6.207	5.938	5.687	5.453	5.234	5.029	4.836	4.656	4.486	4.327
12	6.492	6.194	5.918	5.660	5.421	5.197	4.988	4.793	4.611	4.439
13	6.750	6.424	6.122	5.842	5.583	5.342	5.118	4.910	4.715	4.533
14	6.982	6.628	6.302	6.002	5.724	5.468	5.229	5.008	4.802	4.611
15	7.191	6.811	6.462	6.142	5.847	5.575	5.324	5.092	4.876	4.675

CAP 1 — Formulae

Capital asset pricing model

r_j = r_f + β(r_m - r_f)

Dividend valuation model (with growth)

K_e = D₀(1 + g) / P₀ + g

Economic order quantity

EOQ = √(2FU / CP)

Interpolation (IRR)

IRR = Rate 1 + [NPV 1 / (NPV 1 - NPV 2)] × (Rate 2 – Rate 1)

Irredeemable debt (cost of debt)

K_d = i(1-t) / D

WACC

WACC = E(K_e) / (D + E) + D(K_d(1-t)) / (D + E)

Study Toolkit

Law

Taxation

Finance

Financial Accounting

Law

Practice by Topic

Mock Exam

Taxation (ROI)

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Reference Material

Finance

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Reference Material

Financial Accounting

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Select a Chapter

Tax Past Papers

Finance Past Papers

Financial Accounting Past Papers

Quiz Complete!

Study Toolkit

Law

Taxation

Finance

Financial Accounting

Law

Practice by Topic

Mock Exam

Taxation (ROI)

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Reference Material

Finance

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Reference Material

Financial Accounting

Practice by Topic

Past Papers

Mock Exam

Select a Chapter

Tax Past Papers

Finance Past Papers

Financial Accounting Past Papers

Quiz Complete!

📋 Taxation Reference Material 2025

Income Tax Rates 2025

Non-refundable Tax Credits 2025

Universal Social Charge 2025

Corporation Tax Rates

Capital Gains Tax

VAT Rates

Pension Contributions — Age-based Relief Limits

Capital Allowances

CGT Indexation Factors (selected)

📐 Finance: Tables & Formulae

Present Value Tables

Annuity Tables

CAP 1 — Formulae